Land Navigation – Introduction to maps

A series of articles dedicated to the lost art of land navigation and map reading

Article 1

Introduction to maps

By H-Minus

We live in a fast food society.

I’ll bet you are wondering why I would start an article on maps and map reading with such a statement.  The fact is, the term “fast food society” refers to the automated aspect of almost everything we do. This digital age we live in has made nearly everything instantly available.  Smart phones bring the world to us.  Email can send a message across the ocean in an instant.  You no longer hear the voice of your significant other read from a map in the passenger seat of your car. It has been replaced by a pleasant British voice, or if you prefer American, saying, “in one half mile, turn left……. turn left.” Don’t get me wrong, I love the fact that things are so much easier. When it comes to land navigation, I like having my GPS.  I also like the idea that should my batteries go dead, I can find my way home without it. I was taught land navigation back in 1983.  I received the army version of land navigation training at Ft. Benning, Georgia. It was just enough to get me lost. I didn’t learn land navigation until I finished Jump School and was assigned to the 1st 505 Parachute Infantry regiment.  Like other new troops, I was taken into the fold of the senior NCOs, all of whom were Vietnam veterans.  They were some of the best teachers I have ever met. Don’t get me wrong, I can still get lost with the best of them, but I have a better chance than most of finding my way home. Cartography, or mapmaking goes back thousands of years, some say as much as 8000 years ago.  A map is simply a tool to help describe and navigate an area. It can be land, sea, air and even space. Let’s stick to land.  There are several types of land maps in use today. We are going to focus on topographical maps and the tools used with these maps. A topographical map is a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional land surfaces. These maps use contour lines to show changes in elevation on a map. Contour lines have a numeric representation that refers to distance in elevation.

topo contour lines

Most of the topographical maps in use today are prepared by the USGS. These maps show much more than contour lines. They contain symbols that represent buildings, airports, vegetation, cemeteries, campgrounds and much more. Different types of lines represent roads, rivers, and boundaries. In fact, there are so many symbols and lines, one can’t remember what they are without help. That is where the map legend comes in handy. learn land navigation

Some of the maps developed by the USGS have grid lines. Some have only grid “tic marks”. If your map has only tic marks, you can draw the lines in with a straight edge.  Each of grid is marked with numbers going from left to right and up. These marks are used to determine locations on a map and convert the location to a series of numbers that represent a grid location.  We will discuss how to use grids in another series. land navigation article

Each topographical map will include a reference to three types of north. One is called “Grid North.” The second is called “True North” and the third is called “Magnetic North.” Grid North – The direction of a grid line which is parallel to the central meridian on a map. True North – The direction of a meridian of longitude that converges on the North Pole. This is just another way of saying that True North describes a direct line to the North Pole and the Earth’s spin axis. Magnetic North – The direction indicated by a magnetic compass. This is the north that your compass will seek. The Grid-Magnetic angle (or G-M angle) value is the difference between grid north and magnetic north. It is an arc, measured in degrees between the grid north and magnetic north lines. This value is measured in fractions of degrees, with mil equivalents shown to the nearest 10 mils. The G-M angle is important to land navigation because azimuths between map and ground should be adjusted to compensate for this difference. If not, you may be off by hundreds of meters before you get to where you are going. We will get more in depth on this on this in a future article.

Maple Butter

Great quick and easy recipe if you have maple syrup Maple butter also known as Maple Cream or Maple Spread is delicious on toast, waffles, muffins or anything on which you would normally spread jam. It’s also delicious warmed up and poured over ice cream or poached apples or pears. Ingredients
  • 1 cup PURE maple syrup
  • 3/4 cup butter, softened
  • Using a heavy-bottomed saucepan over low heat, heat maple syrup until 234 degrees Fahrenheit(soft ball stage on a candy thermometer).
  • Stir in butter.
  • Pour mixture into a deep bowl and beat until thick and creamy, about 4 -10 minutes.
  • Keep stored in glass container in the refrigerator.
  • Spooned into decorative jelly jars, Maple Butter makes an excellent hostess gift.
This is good on so many different things you won’t believe it!! maple butter recipe    

Urban Bug Out

  Urban bug out can mean so many different things to so many people, but the gist of it is your emergency, disaster or survival scenario takes place in the city or urban america not the forest.

Lost Appalachian Trail Hiker Found

HOT SPRINGS — A hiker who became lost while traveling the Appalachian Trail in Madison County has been found and is safe. Madison County emergency management director Jeff Willis said 35-year-old David Odowd, an AT through-hiker from Indiana, was found by searchers at about 11 a.m. today after becoming lost late Wednesday. Willis said Odowd was tired and wet but otherwise in good condition. Rescuers planned to take him to the Laurel Volunteer Fire Department “to get him something to eat and warm him up.” At Odowd’s request, officials then will transport him back to the trail near Sams Gap to allow him to continue his trek, Willis said. Odowd became lost as he hiked along the trail in rain and fog Wednesday. “He had gotten on one of the spur trails,” Willis said. Odowd used his cell phone to call his wife in Indiana to tell her he was lost. His wife called local authorities at about 11 p.m. Wednesday after his cell phone went dead. Because of poor weather conditions and rugged terrain, officials decided to wait until 6 a.m. today to begin the search. “We were confident he was okay because of his level of experience,” Willis said. “We felt like it was too big a risk to put people in the woods at night.” Odowd had made his way to Jerry Cabin, an AT shelter, where he was found. About 75 rescuers from Madison fire departments and other emergency personnel participated in the search including units from Tennessee, with a staging area at Laurel VFD. Willis said Madison authorities take part in an average of 10-15 rescue operations a year for lost or injured hikers, many of them on the stretch of the AT that runs through the county near the Tennessee border. Thousands of hikers annually attempt to hike the 2,179-mile trail that runs from Springer Mountain, Ga. to Mount Katahdin, Maine. Only about 25 percent typically complete the entire trail, according to the Appalachian Trail Conservancy.

Utah’s CCW Permit System Sees Changes

Under a measure signed into law by Governor Gary Herbert on Wednesday, Utah’s concealed weapons permit system—widely popular among gun owners nationwide because it’s recognized by 33 states—will see some significant changes. Senate Bill 26 requires non-residents who seek a Utah concealed-weapon permit to first obtain one from their home state, if available. As a result, it will most certainly impact what has become something of a cottage industry for The Beehive State—the classroom instruction and issuing of its concealed-weapon permits to residents of other states who wish to legally carry in as many states as possible. In recent years, the popularity and wide reciprocity of the Utah permit spawned the presentation of training classes by Utah-certified instructors in states and urban areas nationwide, including cities like Chicago and New York. Of the 66,371 concealed-carry permits Utah issued in 2010, more than 70 percent went to non-residents, according to Utah’s Bureau of Criminal Identification. In 2010, Utah had certified 1,123 instructors for its concealed-carry permit courses, up from 926 at the end 2009, and from 825 in 2008. Approximately a quarter million Americans currently hold a valid Utah Concealed Weapons Permit, a number that increased by nearly 40,000 last year. “You don’t have to go too many years back to see when we didn’t have many (instructors),” UBCI firearms section supervisor Jason Chapman told the Salt Lake Tribune. “It’s really exploded the last few years.” In recent months, the neighboring states of Nevada and New Mexico ceased to recognize Utah CCWs, citing, among other reasons, the Utah training course’s failure to require hands-on shooting and lost revenue from its own residents opting for the Utah course rather that its in-state one. From 2009 to 2010 Utah permits issued to Texans more than doubled, from 2,173 to 5,678. Further, a Utah permit requires only four hours course work and no hands-on firearms training, while Texas requires 10 hours, including firing a gun on a shooting range. The Utah training/permit fee is $65, compared to $140 in Texas. Sen. John Valentine, R-Orem, sponsored the bill and said he introduced the measure to address the concerns of other states that were considering ending their reciprocity with Utah’s CCW permit. Valentine said he understands that states prefer to train and qualify their own residents for concealed-carry permits, and they should retain that option, if applicable. Further, Sen. Valentine said his measure gives states control over their own residents, while ensuring Utahns’ permits will be recognized more widely.

Lost Hiker Found Alive

Julie Horgan, a 61-year-old hiker from Milton, Massachusetts, was found safe and without injury Sunday morning after spending a frigid night alone on Mount Jackson in New Hampshire. “Winds at the time were between 70 and 90 mph, creating blizzard conditions with near zero visibility,” according to Fish and Game Lt. Doug Gralenski. “These were life threatening conditions.” Search-and-rescue teams were out until 2 a.m. Sunday morning, and the search resumed at sunrise. Horgan was found just before 10 a.m. near the summit of the 4,052-foot peak where she had spent the night “holed up in the softwood.” She was able to walk out on her own after the ordeal, accompanied by about two dozen search-and-rescue team members. She declined to comment on her ordeal, except to say, “I am deeply grateful” to those who searched for her. So what went wrong? It’s easy to play armchair survival expert and say that someone should have done this or that. The reality is that people get lost. Few people ever mean to get lost, but it happens quite often. However, hiking alone can be very dangerous for anyone, at any age, and that was Horgan’s biggest mistake. What went right? A lot of things saved Horgan’s life. She had a cell phone and a signal that enabled her to use it. She was dressed for winter weather, and she listened to her instincts to get out of the wind.  “Under the conditions, had she not been able to find refuge from the wind, [as she was] prepared for only a day hike, [she] may have perished from the predictably unpredictable winter weather,” Gralenski said.